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SUMMARY
The
textbook is aimed at students and PhD students of technical
universities, who choose engineering-medical specializations
and for those whose knowledge of basics of the human
body structure is important in their future job. This
handbook is a fruit of the experiences collected during
several years of lectures on biomechanics given for
the students of Medical Apparatus and Equipment and
related specializations.
The book has about 220 pages and consists of a preface,
six chapters and a bibliography.
In the preface, one quotes different definitions of
biomechanics in order to justify the chosen concepts
of essential contents of the textbook.
Since the common denominator of the majority of the
definitions is the notion of movement, the authors decided
to describe these human body systems which are the most
important from this viewpoint. These are the following
ones: skeletal, muscular and nervous systems as well
as two sense organs - hearing and vision. The chapters
devoted to these problems were completed with a chapter
on vibrations and noise influence on human organism.
The aim of chapter I entitled "General notions
and principles connected with description of the human
body position and movement" is to bring closer
to the technically educated reader the terminology used
mainly by pathologists and adopted by specialists of
other disciplines who exploit the knowledge of human
anatomical structure, e.g. by biomechanics specialists.
Anatomical position, body surfaces and axes as well
as directions and positions in space were defined.
Chapter II describes the skeletal system which is a
structural base of the entire organism. One presents
bones classification, bone tissue structure (spongy
and compact bone) and its physical properties, bone
growth and regeneration, the types of bone junctions.
The anatomical structure of skeletal system (backbone,
thorax, skull, upper limb, lower limb) is described.
In chapter III, the muscular system is presented as
an active part of the locomotor system. The classification
of muscles was given with regard to the position in
human body, fibre shape, fibre contraction, mechanical
models of excited and unexcited muscles. The anatomical
classification of muscles and types of levers in the
human loco-motor system were presented.
Chapter IV is devoted to the nervous system controlling
every action including in organism , the motion. It
contains description of nervous tissue and glia, nervous
conduction, the structure of nervous endings, synapse
classification and the structure of nerves. The second
part of this chapter presents anatomical description,
including classification with regard to the central
nervous system, peripheral nervous system and autonomic
nervous system.
Chapter V describes two sense organs supplying most
of the information needed to control the motion, i.e.
vision, hearing and balance. The details of the eye
structure, its functioning, color and stereoscopy vision
as well as standard eye model and the most common eye
defects are described further.
Chapter VI discusses vibrations (as a special kind of
motion) and noise influence on human organism. The common
nature of both phenomena was emphasized. The related
objective of physical quantities and the subjective
ones were presented as well. The authors described sources
of noise and vibrations, physiological aspects and energetic
mechanism of vibrations interaction influencing the
human body. The infrasound and ultrasounds issues were
also included.
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